V. I. Lenin

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA

The Process of the Formation of a
  Home Market for Large-Scale Industry
[
1]
[Contents]



Written in 1896-99.
First printed in book form
at the end of March 1899


Published according to the text
of the second edition, 1908
 



From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961

Vol. 3, pp. 21-607.

Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna
Edited by Victor Jerome


Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo,
djr@marx2mao.org
 (November 1997)
(Corrected and Updated December 2001)


[Transcriber's NoteAlthough this "electronic" version of The Development of Capitalism in Russia follows the pagination scheme of Volume 3 of Lenin's Collected Works (4th English Edition), I had to referred periodically to the "Fourth printing" (1974) of an edition not carrying the binding of the Collected Works to correct assorted printing errors in punctuation and to eliminate numerous ambiguities in the column headings of many of the data tables presented in the text. It is also worth noting that there were various technical difficulties that arose in transcribing the text which I failed to resolve to my satisfaction. From among the 115 data tables distributed throughout the text (half of which are in Chapter II) there were bound to be some that were so large that they could not be reasonably "cut up" to fit the width of the screen. As such, the reader will, on occasion, have to scroll to the right to view the right side of certain tables. The book also contains four charts and diagrams (Chapters II, V and VI) which are reproduced as image files ("gifs"). Given the very large size of the text (1.9MB), it has been divided into six parts, each consisting of one or two chapters. As always, the endnotes for each chapter accompany the chapter, and all links within and between "parts" are (or should be) functional. What follows is the COMPLETE table of contents for The Development of Capitalism in Russia, from which you will be able to access the various chapters. -- DJR]

 
 
C O N T E N T S

[Part 1 -- Prefaces and Chapter I (137k)]
 

     

Preface to the First Edition .   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

25


Preface to the Second Edition  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
 

31
 

Chapter I.  T h e  T h e o r e t i c a l  M i s t a k e s  o f  t h e
          N a r o d n i k  E c o n o m i s t s  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


37

I.

The Social Division of Labour.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

37



  The increase in the number of industries 37-38. -- The creation
of a home market as a result of the social division of labour 38. --
The manifestation of this process in agriculture 38-39. -- The
views of the Narodnik economists 39.


II.
 

The Growth of the Industrial Population at the Expense
of the Agricultural .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


40



  The necessary connection between this phenomenon and the very
nature of commodity and capitalist economy 40-41.


III.

The Ruin of the Small Producers  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

41



  The mistaken view of the Narodniks 41. -- The view of the author
of Capital on this subject 42.


IV.
 

The Narodnik Theory of the Impossibility of Realising
Surplus-Value .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


43



  The substance of the theory of Messrs. V. V. and N.-on: its errone-
ous character 43-45. -- The "foreign market" is wrongly dragged
into the problem of realisation 46. -- The superficial estimation of
the contradictions of capitalism by the writers mentioned 47.


V.
 
 

The Views of Adam Smith on the Production and Circu-
lation of the Aggregate Social Product in Capitalist
Society and Marx's Criticism of These Views .  .  .  .  .


 
47



  Adam Smith's omission of constant capital 47-49. -- The influ-
ence of this error on the theory of the national revenue 49-51.


VI.

Marx's Theory of Realisation .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

51



  The basis premises of Marx's theory 51-52. -- The realisation
of the product under simple reproduction 52-53. -- The main con-
clusion from Marx's theory of realisation 54-55. -- The signifi-
cance of productive consumption 55-56. -- The contradiction be-
tween the urge towards the unlimited growth of production and the
limited character of consumption 56-58.


VII.

The Theory of the National Income.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

58



  Proudhon 59-60. -- Rodbertus 60-62. -- Contemporary
econmists 62. -- Marx 63-63.


VIII.

Why Does the Capitalist Nation Need a Foreign Market? .

64



  The causes of the need for a foreign market 64-66. -- The for-
eign market and the progressive character of capitalism 66-67.


IX.

Conclusions from Chapter I.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

67



  Résumé of the propositions examined above 67-68. -- The essence of the problem of the home market 69.
 


[Part 2 -- Chapter II (458k)]
 

Chapter II. T h e D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e  P e a s-
             a n t r y  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


70

I.

Zemstvo Statistics for Novorossia.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

70

     


  Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agri-
culture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The top
group; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and imple-
ments 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- Mr. V. V.'s
argument of the decline in horse-ownership 75. -- The hiring of
farm workers and Mr. V. V.'s argument on this phenomenon 76-77.
-- The bottom group of the peasantry; the leasing of land 77-78. --
The middle group, its instability 79-80. -- Messrs V. V. and Kary-
shev on peasant rentings 80-84. -- The attitude of the Narodniks to
Mr. Postnikov's researches 84-85.


II.

Zemstvo Statistics for Samara Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .

85



  Data concerning the farms of the different peasant groups in Nov-
ouzensk Uyezd 85-87. -- The land held and the land in use by the
different groups 87-88. -- Mr. Karyshev on land renting and grain
prices 88-90. -- Wage-labour; the creation of a home market by
the differentiation of the peasantry 90-92. -- The rural proletar-
iat in Samara Gubernia 92-93.


III.

Zemstvo Statistics for Saratov Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .

93



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 93-94. -- The
hiring of farm workers 94-95. -- "Industries" in Zemstvo statis-
tics 95-96. -- Rentings 96-97. -- The arguments on land renting
advanced by Messrs. Karyshev, N.-on, and Maress 97-101. -- A
comparison of Kamyshin and other uyezds 101-102. -- The signif-
icance of the classification of peasant households 102-105.


IV.

Zemstvo Statistics for Perm Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

106



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 106-107. --
The hiring of farm workers and day labourers and its significance
108-110. -- The manuring of the soil 110. -- Improved imple-
ments 110-111. -- Commercial and industrial establishments
111-112.


V.

Zemstvo Statistics for Orel Gubernia  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

112



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 112-113. -- Incompleteness of the picture of differentiation from the data for Orel Gubernia 113-115.


VI.

Zemstvo Statistics for Voronezh Gubernia  .  .  .  .  .  .

115



  Methods of classification in Voronezh abstracts 115-116. --
Data for Zadonsk Uyezd 116-117. -- Industries 117-118.


VII.

Zemstvo Statistics for Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia  .  .  .

119



  Data concerning groups of farms for three uyezds 119-122.


 VIII.

Review of Zemstvo Statistics for Other Gubernias .  .  .

122



  Novgorod Gubernia, Demyansk Uyezd 122-123. -- Chernigov
Gubernia, Kozeletsk Uyezd 123. -- Yenisei Gubernia 124. -- Pol-
tava Gubernia, three uyezds 125. -- Kaluga Gubernia 126. --
Tver Gubernia 126-127.


IX.
 

Summary of the Above Zemstvo Statistics on the Dif-
ferentiation of the Peasantry.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


127



  Methods of marking the summary 127-129. -- Combined table
and chart 130-133 and 140-141. -- Examination of the various
columns of the chart 134-139. -- Comparison between different
localities as to the degree of differentiation 140-141.


X.
 

Summary of Zemstvo Statistics and Army-Horse Census
Returns.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


141



  Zemstvo Statistics for 112 uyezds of 21 gubernias 141-143. --
Army-horse census returns for 49 gubernias of European Russia
143-144. -- Significance of these data 144-145.


XI.
 

A Comparison of the Army-Horse Censuses of 1888-
1891 and 1896-1900 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


146



  Data for 48 gubernias of European Russia 146-147. -- Statisti-
cal exercises of Messrs. Vikhlyayev and Chernenkov 147-148.


XII.

Zemstvo Statistics on Peasant Budgets.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

148



  Character of the data and methods of treating them 148-150. -- (A). General results of the budgets 150-157. -- Magnitude of ex-
penditures and incomes 150. -- Components of expenditures 151.
-- Components of incomes 152-153 -- Cash portions of the bud-
gets 154-155. -- The significance of the taxes 155-156. -- (B).
A characterisation of peasant farming 157-162. -- General data
about the farms 157-158. -- Property and implements 159. --
Farm expenditure 160-161. -- Income from agriculture 161. --
An apparent exception 161-162. -- (C). A characterisation of the
standard of living 162-172. -- Expenditure on food in kind 162-
163. -- Expenditure on food in cash 163-164. -- Remaining ex-
penditures on personal consumption 165. -- Cash expenditure on
personal and productive consumption 165-166. -- Mr. N.-on about
the top "stratum" of the peasantry 166-167. -- A comparison be-
tween the standard of living or rural workers and peasants 167-
169. -- Methods of Mr. Shcherbina 170-172.


XIII.

Conclusions from Chapter II .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

172



  The significance of commodity economy 172. -- 1) Capitalist contradictions within the village community 172-173. -- 2) "De-
peasantising" 173-174. -- 3) Characterisation of this process in
Capital 173-176. -- 4) The peasant bourgeoisie 176-177. -- 5)
The rural proletariat. The European type of allotment-holding rural
worker 177-180 -- 6) The middle peasantry 181. -- 7) The
formation of a home market for capitalism 181. -- 8) Increasing differentiation; significance of migration 182-183. -- 9) Mer-
chant's and usurer's capital. The presentation of the problem in the-
ory. The connection between these forms of capital and industrial
capital 183-186. -- 10) Labour-service and its influence on the
differentiation of the peasantry 186-187.
 


[Part 3 -- Chapters III and IV (443k)]
 

Chapter III.  T h e L a n d o w n e r s' T r a n s i t i o n f r o m
              C o r v é e  t o  C a p i t a l i s t  E c o n o m y  .


191

I.

The Main Features of Corvée Economy  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

191

     


  The essence of the serf system of economy and the conditions for it
191-193.


II.
 

The Combination of the Corvée and the Capitalist Sys-
tems of Economy .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


193



  The remnants of the old system after the Reform 193-194. --
The labour-service and the capitalist systems 194-195; their
relative incidence 195-197. -- The transition from the labour-
service system to the capitalist 197-198.


III.

Description of the Labour-Service System  .  .  .  .  .  .

198



  Types of labour-service 198-199. -- Rentings in kind and
their significance 199-200. -- The payment of labour under la-
bour-service 201-203. -- Personal dependence under labour-
service 203-204. -- General estimation of labour-service 204-
205.


IV.

The Decline of the Labour-Service System  .  .  .  .  .  .

205



  Two types of labour-service 205-206. -- The significance of
the differentiation of the peasantry 206-208. -- View of Mr. Ste-
but 209. -- Views in various publications 209-210.


V.

The Narodnik Attitude to the Problem  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

210



  The idealisation of labour-service 210-211. -- Mr. Kablukov's
argument 211-215.


VI.

The Story of Engelhardt's Farm .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

215



  The original condition of the farm and the nature of the gradual
changes made in it 215-219.


VII.

The Employment of Machinery in Agriculture  .  .  .  .  .

219



  Four periods in the development of agricultural machinery pro-
duction 219-220. -- Incompleteness of official statistics 220-
223. -- Data on the employment of various agricultural machines
223-228.


VIII.

The Significance of Machinery in Agriculture .  .  .  .  .

228



  The capitalist character of the employment of machinery 228-
230. -- Results of the employment of machinery 230-235. --
The inconsistency of the Narodniks 235-237.


IX.

Wage-Labour in Agriculture  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

237



  "Agricultural outside employments" 237, their significance
237-238, their scale 239-240. -- Number of agricultural
workers in all European Russia 240-242.


X.

The Significance of Hired Labour in Agriculture .  .  .  .

242



  The conditions of agricultural workers 242-243. -- Specific
forms of hire 243-245. -- The conditions of workers of small and
big employers 245-246. -- First elements of public control
246-248. -- The appraisal of agricultural migration by the Nar-
odniks 248-251.
 


Chapter IV.  T h e  G r o w t h  o f C o m m e r c i a l A g r i-
              c u l t u r e  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


252

I.
 

General Data on agricultural Production in Post-Reform
Russia and on the Types of Commercial Agriculture.  .  .


252


 

  The production of cereals and potatoes in 1864-1865, 1870-
1879, 1883-1887, 1885-1894, 252-253. -- Potato sowing
and its significance 253-254. -- Areas of commercial agricul-
ture 255. -- Mr. Kablukov's arguments 256.


II.

The Commercial Grain-Farming Area.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

257



  The shifting of the principal centre of cereal production 257. --
The significance of the outer regions as colonies 257-258. -- The
capitalist character of agriculture in this area 259-261.


III.
 

The Commercial Stock-Farming Area. General Data on the Development of Dairy Farming .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


261



  The significance of stock farming in the different areas 261-
262. -- The calculations of Messrs. Kovalevsky and Levitsky 263.
-- The development of cheese-making 264-266. -- The incom-
pleteness of official data 266. -- Technical progress 266-267.


IV.
 

Continuation. The Economy of Landlord Farming in the Area Described.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


267



  The rationalisation of agriculture 267-268. -- "Amalgamated
dairies" and their significance 268-270. -- The formation of a
home market 270. -- The migration of agricultural workers to the
industrial gubernias 271. -- The more even distribution of jobs
throughout the year 271-273. -- The small cultivators' depend-
ence and its estimation by Mr. V. V 273-275.


V.
 

Continuation. The Differentiation of the Peasantry in
the Dairy-Farming Area .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


275



  The distribution of cows among the peasants 275-276. -- De-
tails of St. Petersburg Uyezd 276-278. -- "Progressive trends in
peasant farming" 279-280. -- The influence of this progress on
the poor 280-282.


VI.

The Flax-Growing Area  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

282



  The growth of commercial flax-growing 282-284. -- Exchange
between different types of commercial agriculture 284. -- "Ex-
tremes" in the flax area 285. -- Technical improvements 285-
287.


VII.

The Technical Processing of Agricultural Produce .  .  .

287



  The significance of the factory or technical system of farming 287-288.




1) Distilling  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

288



  The extent of agricultural distilling 288-289. -- The develop-
ment and the significance of potato distilling 289-292.




2) Beet-Sugar Production .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

291



  The growth of sugar-beet production 291-292. -- The prog-
ress of capitalist agriculture.




3) Potato-Starch Production .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

294



  Its growth 294-295. -- Two processes in the development of
this branch of production 295. -- The starch "industry" in Mos-
cow Gubernia 295-297 and in Vladimir Gubernia 297-298.




4) Vegetable Oil Production .   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

298



  The dual processes of its development 298. -- Oil pressing as
a cottage industry 299-300.




5) Tobacco Growing  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

300

VIII.
 

Industrial Vegetable and Fruit Growing; Suburban
Farming.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


304



  The growth of commercial fruit growing 304 and vegetable
growing 304-305. -- Peasant vegetable growers in the St. Pe-
tersburg, Moscow and Yaroslavl gubernias 305-307. -- The hot-
house industry 307. -- Industrial melon growing 307-309.
-- Suburban farming and its characteristics 309-310.


IX.
 

Conclusions on the Significance of Capitalism in Agri-
culture in Russia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


310



  1) On the transformation of agriculture into enterprise 310. --
2) The specific features of capitalism in agriculture 311-312. --
3) The formation of a home market for capitalism 312-313. -- 4)
The progressive historical role of capitalism in Russian agriculure
313-318.


X.
 

Narodnik Theories on Capitalism in Agriculture. "The
Freeing of Winter Time" .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


318



  The narrow and stereotyped character of this theory 318. --
Its omission of highly important aspects of the process 318-323.


XI.
 
 

Continuation. -- The Village Community. -- Marx's View
on Small-Scale Agriculture. -- Engels's Opinion of the
Contemporary Agricultural Crisis .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


 
323



  The Narodnik's wrong presentation of the problem of the village
community 323-325. -- Their misunderstanding of a passage in
Capital 325-326. -- Marx's estimation of peasant agriculture
326-327. -- His estimation of agricultural capitalism 327. --
Mr. N.-on's inappropriate quotation 327-330.
 


[Part 4 -- Chapters V and VI (366k)]
 

Chapter V.  T h e  F i r s t  S ta g e s  o f  C a p i t a l i s m
              i n  I n d u s t r y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


331

I.

Domestic Industry and Handicrafts  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

331

     


  The remants of domestic industry 331. -- The extent of the prevalence of handicrafts 332-333, their basic features 333-
334.


II.
 

Small Commodity-Producers in Industry. The Craft
Spirit in the Small Industries.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


334



  The transition from handicrafts to commodity production 334-
335. -- The fear of competition 335-337.


III.
 

The Growth of Small Industries after the Reform. Two
Forms of This Process and Its Significance .  .  .  .  .  .


338



  Causes of the growth of small industries 338. -- The settlement
of industrialists in the outer regions 339. -- The growth of small
industries among the local population 339-341. -- The shift of
capital 342-343. -- The connection between the growth of small
industries and the differentiation of the peasantry 343.


IV.
 
 

The Differentiation of the Small Commodity-Producers.
Data on House-to-House Censuses of Handicraftsmen in
Moscow Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


 
344



  Presentation of the problem 344. -- The method of processing
the data 344-346. -- Combined table and chart 347 and 349. --
Conclusions: wage-labour 348, 351, productivity of labour 351-
353, incomes 355. -- The petty-bourgeois structure of handicraft
industries 355.


V.

Capitalist Simple Co-operation .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

356



  Its significance and influence on production 356-359. -- Artels
359-360.


VI.

Merchant's Capital in the Small Industries  .  .  .  .  .  .

360



  The conditions that give rise to the buyer-up 360-361. --
Tradeswomen in the lace industry 362-364. -- Examples of mar-
keting organisation 364-366. -- Views of the Narodniks 366-
367. -- Forms of merchant's capital 367-369.


VII.

"Industry and Agricultural".  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

369



  Data of the table 369-370. -- The agriculture of wage-work-
ers 371. -- "Land labourers" 371-372. -- Other data concern-
ing industry and agriculture 372-376. -- Length of the working
period 376. -- Résumé 376-378.


  VIII.

"The Combination of Industry with Agriculture" .  .  .  .

378



  The Narodnik's theory 378. -- The forms in which industry is
combined with agriculture and their diverse significance 378-380.


IX.
 
 

Some Remarks on the Pre-Capitalist Economy of Our
Countryside .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
 


380
 

Chapter VI.  C a p i t a l i s t M a n u f a c t u r e a n d C a p-
              i t a l i s t  D o m e s t i c  I n d u s t r y .  .  .  .


384

I.

The Rise of Manufacture and Its Main Features.  .  .  .  .

384


 

  The concept of manufacture 384, its dual origin 384-385 and
significance 385.


II.

Capitalist Manufacture in Russian Industry .  .  .  .  .  .

386



  1) The Weaving Industry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  2) Other Branches of the Textile Industry. The
      Felt Trade .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  3) The Hat-and-Cap and Hemp-and-Rope Trades .  .
  4) The Wood-Working Trades.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  5) The Processing of Livestock Produce. The
     Leather and Fur Trades .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  6) The Remaining Livestock Processing Trades .  .
  7) The Processing of Mineral Products.  .  .  .  .  .
  8) The Metal Trades. The Pavlovo Industries. .  .  .
  9) Other Metal Trades  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
 10) The Jewellery, Samovar and Accordian Trades .

386
 
390
393
397
 
402
409
413
415
419
422

III.
 

Technique in Manufacture. Division of Labour and Its
Significance.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


427



  Hand production 427-428. -- apprenticeship 427-28. --
Division of labour as a stage preparatory to large-scale machine
industry 428-429, its influence on the workers 429-431.


IV.
 

The Territorial Division of Labour and the Separation
of Agriculture from Industry .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


431



  Mr. Kharizomenov's opinion 431-432. -- Non-agricultural
centres432-434. -- The transitional character of manufacture
434-435. -- The raising of the cultural level of the population
434-435.


V.

The Economic Structure of Manufacture.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

435



  The circumstances of production 435-436. -- How Mr. Ovayan-
nikov and Kharizomenov describe it 436-438.


VI.
 

Merchant's and Industrial Capital in Manufacture. The
"Buyer-up" and the "Factory Owner" .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


438



  The connection between the big and the small establishments
438-440. -- The error of the Narodniks 441.


VII.
 

Capitalist Domestic Industry as an Appendage of Manu-
facture .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


441



  Its incidence 441-442, its characteristic features 442-445,
the conditions making for its spread 445-446, its significance in
the theory of the surplus-population 446-448.


  VIII.

What Is "Handicraft" Industry? .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

448



  Some aggregate statistics on handicraftsmen 448-450. -- The
predominance of capitalistically employed workers 450-451. --
The vagueness of the term "handicraft" and the abuse of it 451-453.
 


[Part 5 -- Chapters VII and VIII (466k)]
 

Chapter VII.  T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f L a r g e-S c a l e
               M a c h i n e  I n d u s t r y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


454

I.
 

The Scientific Conception of the Factory and the Sig-
nificance of "Factory" Statisitics .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


454

II.

Our Factory Statistics  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

456

     


  There sources 456. -- Publications of the 60s 457-458. --
The specific character of the Military Statistical Abstract 459-
461. -- Mr. Orlov's Directory 461-462. -- The Collections of
the Department of Commerce and Manufactures 463-464. -- The
Returns for Russia for 1884-85
; Mr. Karyshev's errors 464-
465. -- Data of gubernia statistical committees 466. -- The List
466. -- Is the number of factories in Russia growing? 467-468.


III.
 

An Examination of Historical-Statistical Data on the
Development of Large-Scale Industry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


468



  1) Textile Trades  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  2) Wood-Working Industries   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  3) Chemical, Livestock Product and Ceramic In-
     dustries.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  4) Metallurgical Industries .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  5) Food Industries .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  6) Excise-Paying and Other Trades .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  7) Conclusions  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

469
474
 
475
478
479
481
483

IV.

The Development of the Mining Industry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

484



  The Urals, their specific features 484-488. -- The South
488-491. -- The Causasus 491-492. -- The big and small mines
in the Donets Basin 492-494. -- The significance of the data on
the development of the mining industry 494-496.


V.
 

Is the Number of Workers in Large Capitalist Enterprises Growing? .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


496



  Data for the years 1865, 1879, 1890 496-499. -- Mistaken
Method of the Narodniks 499-507.


VI.

Steam-Engine Statistics.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

507



  Data for the years 1875-1878 and 1892 507-509.


VII.

The Growth of Large Factories .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

509



  Data for the years 1866, 1879, 1890 and 1894-95 509-514.
-- The largest enterprises in factory industry and in the mining
industry 514-515. -- The errors of Mr. N-on 515-517.


 VIII.

The Distribution of Large-Scale Industry .  .  .  .  .  .  .

518



  Data on the leading centres of factory industry in the years 1879
and 1890 518-519. -- Three types of centres 519-521. -- The
classification of the centres 521-523. -- The growth of rural fac-
tory centres and its significance 523-525.


IX.

The Development of the Lumber and Building Industries .

525



  The growth of the lumber industry 525-526; its organisation
526-530. -- The growth of capitalism in the building industry
530-533.


X.

The Appendage to the Factory.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

534

XI.

The Complete Separation of Industry from Agriculture  .

536



  The error of the Narodniks 536-537. -- Moscow Zemstvo san-
itary statistics 537-541.


XII.
 

Three Stages in the Development of Capitalism in Rus-
sian Industry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


541



  The connection between all the stages 541-543. -- Specific
technical features 543. -- The growth of capitalist relationships
543-544. -- The character of the development of industry 544-
545. -- The separation of industry from agriculture 545-548.
-- Differences in living conditions 548-550. -- The growth of
the home market 550-551.
 


Chapter VIII.  T h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e H o m e M a r-
                k e t.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


552

I.

The Growth of Commodity Circulation .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

552


 

  The development of the railways 552-553, water transport
553-554, commerce and the banks 554-557.


II.
 

The Growth of the Commercial and Industrial Popula-
tion .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


557



  1) The Growth of Towns.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  2) The Significance of Home Colonisation  .  .  .  .
  3) The Growth of Factory and of Commercial and
      Industrial Townships and Villages .  .  .  .  .  .
  4) Non-Agricultural Outside Employments .  .  .  .

557
562
 
566
568



  Non-agricultural outside employments 568-581, their size
and growth 568-576, their progressive role 576-579, the ap-
praisal of them by Narodnik writers 579-581.


III.

The Growth of the Employment of Wage-Labour  .  .  .  .

581



  Approximate number of wage-workers 581-583. -- Capitalist
surplus-population 583. -- The error of the Narodniks 583-
586.


IV.

The Formation of a Home Market for Labour-Power .  .  .

586



  The main movements of wage-workers in connection with the size
of wages 586-589. -- The formation of a home market 589-590.
-- Mr. N-on's "theory" 590-591.


V.
 

The Significance of the Border Regions. Home or Foreign
Market? . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


591



  Capitalism's urge for expansion 591-592. -- The example of
the Caucasus 593-594. -- Two aspects of the process of the for-
mation of a market 594-596.


VI.

The Mission of Capitalism .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

596



  The increase in the productivity of social labour 596-598. --
The socialisation of labour 598-600. -- The cause of the differ-
ence with the Narodniks 600-601.
 


Appendices


I.
 

Combined Table of Statistics on Small Peasant Indus-
tries of Moscow Gubernia (to Chapter V, p. 345).  . 600 -


601

II.
 

Table of Statistics on the Factory Industry of European
Russia (to Chapter VII, p. 456) .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


601

III.
 

The Chief Centres of Factory Industry in European Rus-
sia (to Chapter VII, p. 519).  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


603






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